Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution in Johannesburg, South Africa: Exceedances, diurnal cycles, seasonality, Ox chemistry and O3 production rates

Authors

  • Nadine Borduas-Dedekind Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa and Department of Chemistry, University of British-Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, V6T 1Z1, Canada https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9302-368X
  • Mogesh Naidoo Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3887-4697
  • Biqing Zhu Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement LSCE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-6797
  • Jeffrey Geddes Earth and Environment, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7573-6133
  • Rebecca M. Garland Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa and Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1855-8622

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2023/33/1.15367

Keywords:

ozone, nitrogen oxides, Ox, air quality, monitoring, Johannesburg, South Africa

Abstract

Ground-level ozone (O3) is an air pollutant of major health and environmental concern. The Johannesburg-Pretoria megacity in South Africa is the industrial and economical capital of the country with more than 10 million inhabitants experiencing poor air quality. In 2004, the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) began monitoring trace gases to assess ground-level O3 pollution. Here, we use CoJ’s publicly available air quality data, and present the first long-term data analysis of O3, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), NOx and carbon monoxide (CO) in the City from 2004 to 2011 at three air quality monitoring sites: Buccleuch, Delta Park and Newtown. We quantified CoJ’s South African National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) exceedances for O3 and NO2, and demonstrate the City’s substantial O3 and NO2 air pollution problem. O3 mixing ratios peak in the early afternoon as expected due to photochemical production. To estimate O3 production rates, we summed O3 and NO2 diurnal profiles to obtain Ox mixing ratios at each site. This analysis provided insight into missing volatile organic compound (VOC) reactivity as well as primary NO2 emissions information necessary for developing tropospheric O3 pollution mitigation strategies. Furthermore, CoJ experiences high O3 mixing ratios on weekends due to lower NOx traffic emissions titrating the O3, thereby providing evidence of a VOC-limited regime for O3 production. Seasonal peak O3 occurs in the austral spring, a maximum that we link to increases in water (H2O) concentrations which in turn increases radical chemistry leading to O3. In addition, wintertime VOC and aerosol emissions from biomass burning over the winter add important precursors for O3 formation once radical chemistry is initiated during the first rain events in early spring. In all, this study will help inform air quality modelling and policy work on air pollutants in the City of Johannesburg, South Africa.

 

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Published

2023-06-26

Issue

Section

Research Article

How to Cite

Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution in Johannesburg, South Africa: Exceedances, diurnal cycles, seasonality, Ox chemistry and O3 production rates. (2023). Clean Air Journal, 33(1). https://doi.org/10.17159/caj/2023/33/1.15367